"See What I'm Saying"

 See what I'm Saying

Bilingualism

Using the Media

DEAF STIGMA (Out-Group Alignments)

Stigma Ricci

To properly understand a concept, we first turn to the dictionaries, to see how that word is defined in our language, objectively, and the multiple subjective meanings it holds in our society. So far, we haven’t found a dictionary that includes a citation for “Deaf culture,” but all dictionaries have listings for “culture,” so we’re including two of them. A definition of Deaf culture is quoted from our book, For Hearing People Only: Third Edition.

Dictionary definitions of culture

From The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition (online version):
Cul·ture (kul'cher) n.

1. a. The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought.
   b. These patterns, traits, and products considered as the expression of a particular period, class, community, or population: Edwardian culture; Japanese culture; the culture of poverty.
   c. These patterns, traits, and products considered with respect to a particular category, such as a field, subject, or mode of expression: religious culture in the Middle Ages; musical culture; oral culture.
   d. The predominating attitudes and behavior that characterize the functioning of a group or organization.
2. Intellectual and artistic activity and the works produced by it.
3. a. Development of the intellect through training or education.
   b. Enlightenment resulting from such training or education.
4. A high degree of taste and refinement formed by aesthetic and intellectual training.
5. Special training and development: voice culture for singers and actors.
6. The cultivation of soil; tillage.
7. The breeding of animals or growing of plants, especially to produce improved stock.
8. Biology
   a. The growing of microorganisms, tissue cells, or other living matter in a specially prepared nutrient medium.
   b. Such a growth or colony, as of bacteria.
   tr.v. cul·tured, cul·tur·ing, cul·tures
9. To cultivate.
10. a. To grow (microorganisms or other living matter) in a specially prepared nutrient medium.
    b. To use (a substance) as a medium for culture: culture milk.

[Middle English, cultivation, from Old French, from Latin cultura, from cultus, past participle of colere; see cultivate.]

---

From Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary,
Tenth Edition:

cul•ture \ 'kul-cher\ n [ME, fr. MF, fr. L cultura, fr. cultus, pp.](15c)

1. CULTIVATION, TILLAGE
2. The act of developing the intellectual and moral faculties esp. by education
3. expert care and training (beauty ~)
4. a: enlightenment and excellence of taste acquired by intellectual and aesthetic training
   b: acquaintance with and taste in fine arts, humanities, and broad aspects of science as distinguished from vocational and technical skills
5. a: the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon man’s capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations
   b: the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group
   c: the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes a company or corporation
6. cultivation of living material in prepared nutrient media; also: a product of such cultivation

Note that “culture” has several definitions, and encompasses special training, socially transmitted codes and patterns of conduct, intellectual develpment, enlightenment, knowledge, beliefs, and sophistication. Particularly relevant to a discussion of Deaf culture are the characteristics of “predominating attitudes and behavior that characterize the functioning of a group or organization” and “beliefs. social forms . . . the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices.”

An insider’s definition

So much for the dictionary definitions. Now, here’s our definition of Deaf culture:

From For Hearing People Only: Third Edition, Chapter 55:

One possible definition of U.S. Deaf culture (and there must be many!) is a social, communal, and creative force of, by, and for Deaf people based on American Sign Language (ASL). It encompasses communication, social protocol, art, entertainment, recreation (e.g., sports, travel, and Deaf clubs), and worship. It’s also an attitude, and, as such, can be a weapon of prejudice—“You’re not one of us; you don’t belong.”

• Despite the mighty efforts of generations of oralists, deaf people still prefer to communicate and mingle with their own kind. That is the psychosocial basis of Deaf culture. 
• Deaf people in the United States have staunchly resisted the unstinting attempts of oralists to eradicate the use of sign language and assimilate them into the hearing mainstream.
• The simple fact is that deaf people who attend the common residential schools for the deaf—no matter what mode of communication is forced on them in the classroom—tend to seek out other deaf people and communicate in sign language. This is true, to some extent, in other countries, but the U.S. arguably has the most sophisticated and creative—and public—Deaf culture of any.

Note that “Deaf culture” is a positive term, indicative of pride and a communal identity,

•  whereas terms like “hearing-impaired” and “deafness” do not connote any particular pride or sense of community. There are oralists (deaf as well as hearing) who deny that there is such a thing as Deaf culture. They prefer to see it as an artificial political construct formulated in recent times, more of a self-conscious, posturing attitude than a reality. This view denies the importance of ASL to Deaf people.

Each ethnic and religious group has its own culture. In the case of U.S. mainstream Protestants, the characteristics may not be sharply defined. Recent Hindu or Hmong emigrants, for example, will likely have a well-defined, all-encompassing culture—a distinct mode of dress, a distinct cuisine.

Deaf people who claim a culturally “Deaf” identity compare themselves to members of other ethnic communities. “We have a language; we have a culture,” they say. Opponents of this view don’t see deaf people as members of an ethnic minority but simply as handicapped persons, people with a hearing loss, people with a hearing disability, audiological patients.

The Internal Debate on Deaf Culture:

• “Deaf culture”vs “Deaf community” 
• The term “culture” is appropriate, since it’s too strong a term, too restrictive, and too politically-slanted. Since deaf people come from a wide variety of backgrounds, communicatively, educationally, and socially, some prefer a term that reflects this diversity.
• Deaf people in the United States are already members of American culture. Certainly, it’s possible to hold membership in more than one culture,but if you consider carefully, you’ll see that deaf people don’t really have a distinct, full-fledged culture.
• There is no “Deaf God,” for example, although there are a number of ASL-affirmative churches. But these churches are simply outposts of existing denominations, such as Lutheran, Methodist, Roman Catholic, or Reform Judaism. 
• There is no distinct “Deaf religion,” no “Deaf Bible,” no “Deaf food,” no “Deaf dress.” Deaf people are not recognizable as “deaf” at first glance.
• could be a SUB-CULTURE?

• ASLis the linguistic basis of our ethnic identity, but aside from that, we don’t have a distinct culture like Sikhs or Italian-Americans do, so the term “subculture” might be more appropriate.

• “Deaf culture,” as a self-conscious political concept, is limiting rather than inclusive. It encourages a certain elitism, a snobbery. 
• For example, in Deaf culture, a person is considered “strong-Deaf,” and is accorded respect, if s/he has Deaf parents. If one is the child of hearing parents,they are not considered “strong-Deaf” enough by certain Deaf-culture purists. In this view, lower than that of persons with Deaf parents and/or Deaf siblings. Some believe that they don’t consider people part of Deaf culture because they are from a hearing family and didn’t attend Gallaudet University. 
• The term “community” indicates a group of people, or a segment of the population, that has shared goals, beliefs, experiences, or simply lives in proximity. Although most deaf people are geographically scattered, they do comprise a distinct community with ASL and the schools for the deaf as their socio-linguistic heart. Thus, “Deaf community” includes people from mainstreamed backgrounds, alumni of oral schools, persons with cochlear implants, and those whose first language in English—all of these disqualifying factors to membership in Deaf culture. The Deaf community also includes hearing families, friends, supporters, and advocates of Deaf people—even if they’re not native-ASL signers.

• Another opinion is that “Deaf culture” and deaf community” are not really conflicting. While there is a Deaf culture there is also a deaf community.The deaf “community” is more informal and local. When I go to Deaf club, it’s more of a community. But it doesn’t deny that there is a Deaf culture. 
• Also, many who don’t see the validity of being deaf also deny that there is a Deaf culture. The opponents of deafness being opposed to Deaf culture is like anyone else who wants to deny a lifestyle. They deny the culture and use that as a means of denying that the lifestyle is valid. And then say that because there is no lifestyle there can be no culture. How can this be? Do they think we are as simple as they are?